Bill C-18 explained in plain English
An Act to reorganize the Canadian Wheat Board and to make consequential and related amendments to certain Acts
Federal Parliament bill summary, status, timeline, sponsor, votes, and official sources.
At a glance
Official Parliament of Canada snapshot for 41st Parliament, 1st Session. MP vote breakdowns appear when the House of Commons publishes a recorded division export for that bill. Senate and House stage details include official debate/sitting links when LEGISinfo publishes them.
Our plain-language take, written for civic education.
Source: By PoliticalData.ca
The Marketing Freedom for Grain Farmers Act reorganized the Canadian Wheat Board, changed its governance, updated grain marketing rules, and made consequential amendments to other laws.
This Act, known as the Marketing Freedom for Grain Farmers Act, reorganizes the Canadian Wheat Board and makes related amendments to other Acts. It changes the governance structure of the Board, establishes new rules for grain marketing through voluntary pooling, provides for the possible continuation of the Board under other federal legislation, and outlines the process for its eventual dissolution. The Act also makes consequential amendments to various other federal laws.
- Amends the Canadian Wheat Board Act to change the governance structure of the Canadian Wheat Board.
- Replaces the Canadian Wheat Board Act with a new Act that continues the Canadian Wheat Board and charges it with the marketing of grain through voluntary pooling.
- Provides for the possible continuation of the Board under other federal legislation.
- Provides for the winding up of the Board if no such continuation occurs.
- Repeals the new Act enacted for the continuation of the Board.
- Makes consequential and related amendments to certain Acts.
- Farmers (producers of grain)
- The Canadian Wheat Board
- Directors and officers of the Canadian Wheat Board
- The Government of Canada (including various Ministers and the Governor in Council)
- Suppliers and purchasers of grain
- Agencies involved in grain marketing and regulation
- Producers have the right to choose to deal with the Canadian Wheat Board for grain marketing.
- The Canadian Wheat Board has the power to buy, store, sell, and transport grain.
- Directors and officers of the Canadian Wheat Board have duties to act honestly, in good faith, and with reasonable diligence.
- The Canadian Wheat Board must keep proper books and accounts and report to the Minister.
- The Governor in Council can issue directions to the Canadian Wheat Board.
- Farmers may receive advance payments for crops.
- Certain entities may need to provide returns of information to the Canadian Wheat Board.
- The Act received Royal Assent on December 15, 2011.
- Part 1 comes into force on a day to be fixed by order of the Governor in Council.
- Part 2, establishing voluntary pooling, comes into force on a day to be fixed by order of the Governor in Council.
- Part 3, dealing with the continuation of the Canadian Wheat Board under other legislation, comes into force on the day Part 2 comes into force.
- Part 4, dealing with the dissolution of the Canadian Wheat Board, applies if the Board is not continued under Part 3 within five years (or a shorter period specified by the Governor in Council) after Part 3 comes into force.
- Part 5, repealing the Canadian Wheat Board (Interim Operations) Act, applies when the Corporation is continued under Part 3 or dissolved under Part 4.
- The Canadian Wheat Board can borrow money and issue debentures, with guarantees from the Minister of Finance.
- The Board may establish a pension fund and provide group insurance plans for its employees.
- The Board may deduct amounts per tonne of wheat or barley grown in the Western Division and remit these to a prescribed agency for research, promotion, and administrative costs.
- The Board's contingency fund can be used for operations, potential losses, and other approved activities.
- Profits from operations are credited to the contingency fund, and losses are paid out of the contingency fund or parliamentary appropriations.
- The Act does not explicitly detail specific penalties for contravention of its provisions, but it references offences and punishments in relation to amendments made to the Canada Grain Act.
- The exact commencement dates for various parts of the Act are to be fixed by order of the Governor in Council.
- The duration of the interim operations period and the conditions for the eventual winding up or continuation of the Canadian Wheat Board are subject to further orders and decisions.
- Details regarding 'prescribed amounts' and 'prescribed agencies' for deductions from grain sales are to be determined by regulation.
- The specific conditions under which a director or officer is indemnified against legal costs are outlined, but the application of these provisions in specific cases could lead to interpretation.
Changes the governance structure of the Canadian Wheat Board, including the composition of its board of directors and provisions regarding directors' duties and liabilities.
Source: Part 1
This is the primary Act being described, which establishes new rules for the marketing of grain through voluntary pooling and reorganizes the Canadian Wheat Board.
Source: Part 2
This Act provides for the constitution and powers of the Canadian Wheat Board responsible for the marketing of grain, establishing rules for voluntary pooling, operations, and governance.
Source: Part 2
The Act that was enacted to continue the Canadian Wheat Board and govern its operations through voluntary pooling is repealed.
Source: Part 5
Amends definitions related to grain producers and makes other related changes.
Source: Section 24
Makes flour mills, feed mills, feed warehouses, and seed cleaning mills works for the general advantage of Canada.
Source: Section 59
Repeals definitions and specific sections related to marketing programs.
Source: Sections 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21
Removes the Canadian Wheat Board from the list of government institutions subject to the Act.
Source: Section 58
Removes the Canadian Wheat Board from Schedule 1 of the Act.
Source: Section 61
Removes the Canadian Wheat Board from Schedule III of the Act.
Source: Section 62
Removes the Canadian Wheat Board from the list of government institutions subject to the Act.
Source: Section 63
Repeals Section 17 of this Act.
Source: Section 23
Generated using AI from official bill text. Not legal advice. It is written by PoliticalData.ca for civic education, automatically checked and spot-reviewed before publishing.
Official textThe official summary published alongside the bill, shown exactly as written.
Source: Parliament of Canada (LEGISinfo)
A legislative summary is currently being prepared for this bill by the Parliamentary Information and Research Service of the Library of Parliament. Meanwhile, the following executive summary is available. On 18 October 2011, the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-food and Minister for the Canadian Wheat Board introduced Bill C-18, An Act to reorganize the Canadian Wheat Board and to make consequential and related amendments to certain Acts (Marketing freedom for grain farmers Act), in the House of Commons and it was given first reading. Part 1 of Bill C-18 amends the Canadian Wheat Board Act to change the governance structure of the Canadian Wheat Board and to make other changes in preparation for the implementation of Parts 2 and 3. Part 2 replaces the Canadian Wheat Board Act with a new Act that continues the Canadian Wheat Board and charges it with the marketing of grain through voluntary pooling. Part 3 provides for the possible continuation of the Board under other federal legislation, while Part 4 provides for its winding up if no such continuation occurs. Finally, Part 5 provides for the repeal of the new Act enacted by Part 2.
This is the official summary published by the Parliament of Canada, shown verbatim. Not legal advice. PoliticalData.ca did not write or edit this text.
View on LEGISinfoParliamentary Process
This record details the Senate's first reading of Bill C-18 on November 29, 2011, a procedural step following its passage and royal assent.
This artifact describes the first reading of Bill C-18 in the Senate on November 29, 2011. This procedural step marks the formal introduction of the bill in the Senate. The bill, titled 'An Act to reorganize the Canadian Wheat Board and to make consequential and related amendments to certain Acts,' had previously completed its stages in the House of Commons and received royal assent on December 15, 2011, becoming Statutes of Canada 2011, c. 25. The provided text outlines the bill's progression through various stages in both the Senate and House of Commons, including readings, committee considerations, and report stages, along with key dates.
During a Senate sitting on November 29, 2011, Bill C-18, concerning the Canadian Wheat Board, received its first reading, alongside other routine Senate business.
On November 29, 2011, the Senate of Canada convened for a sitting where several routine proceedings, notices of motions, and debates took place. A key procedural event was the first reading of Bill C-18, "An Act to reorganize the Canadian Wheat Board and to make consequential and related amendments to certain Acts." This marked the initial introduction of the bill into the Senate. Other proceedings included tabling of committee reports, statements by senators on various topics, question period discussions, and ongoing debates on other bills and inquiries.
The Senate conducted the second reading of Bill C-18 on December 1, 2011, featuring speeches from senators, before it moved to committee and eventually received royal assent.
This artifact details the second reading stage of Bill C-18 in the Senate on December 1, 2011. This stage is a procedural step where the bill is debated and speeches are made. Following this, the bill proceeded to committee for further consideration. The record indicates that major speeches were delivered by Senator Donald Neil Plett (Conservative) and Senator Robert W. Peterson (Liberal). The bill ultimately received royal assent on December 15, 2011.
During a Senate sitting on December 1, 2011, senators debated Bill C-18 concerning the Canadian Wheat Board's reorganization and marketing freedom for grain farmers, alongside other legislative business and committee reports.
This Senate sitting on December 1, 2011, included the second reading debate for Bill C-18, "An Act to reorganize the Canadian Wheat Board and to make consequential and related amendments to certain Acts." The debate focused on the proposed changes to the Canadian Wheat Board and the marketing freedom for grain farmers. Senators discussed the historical context of the Canadian Wheat Board, the potential economic impacts of the bill, the rights of farmers, and concerns about the process and potential consequences of the legislation. Other proceedings included the tabling of committee reports, the introduction of motions to authorize committees to meet during sittings, and debates on other bills, such as amendments to the Railway Safety Act and a bill concerning family homes on First Nation reserves. The sitting concluded with an adjournment motion.
During a Senate debate on Bill C-18 concerning the Canadian Wheat Board, supporters argued for farmer marketing freedom and economic growth, while opponents raised concerns about the bill's impact on farmers, the CWB's dismantling, and procedural fairness.
This Senate debate record from December 1, 2011, discusses Bill C-18, An Act to reorganize the Canadian Wheat Board and to make consequential and related amendments to certain Acts. Senator Donald Neil Plett sponsored the bill, arguing it would bring new jobs and growth to Western Canada by giving farmers marketing freedom for their wheat and barley, similar to other farmers across Canada. He recounted historical instances where farmers faced legal trouble for attempting to sell their own grain. Senator Plett detailed the bill's phased approach to transition the Canadian Wheat Board (CWB) to a voluntary marketing organization. Other senators, including Robert W. Peterson, Jane Cordy, Fernand Robichaud, and Claudette Tardif, expressed significant opposition. They argued the bill would harm farmers, dismantle a successful CWB, and was being rushed through without adequate consultation or respect for existing legislation requiring a farmer vote on such changes. Concerns were raised about the loss of price discrimination, the fate of the Port of Churchill, and the potential for increased control by multinational corporations. The debate also touched upon other Senate business, including statements on international conventions, reports from committees, and debates on other bills.
The Senate Committee of the Whole undertook consideration of Bill C-18 over several dates in late 2011.
The Senate Committee of the Whole, acting as a committee, met on multiple dates between October 31 and December 12, 2011, to consider Bill C-18. This stage of the parliamentary process involves detailed examination of the bill by the committee members. The artifact indicates that this stage was completed.
The Senate Agriculture and Forestry Committee presented its fourth report on Bill C-18, stating the bill was examined and reported back without amendment, and the report was adopted by the Senate.
On December 12, 2011, the Senate proceeded with routine proceedings and committee business. The Senate Agriculture and Forestry Committee presented its fourth report on Bill C-18, An Act to reorganize the Canadian Wheat Board, reporting the bill without amendment. The report was presented and then adopted "on division" (meaning some senators disagreed, but the majority approved). Following this procedural step, the bill was placed on the Orders of the Day for third reading at the next sitting.
Bill C-18 successfully completed its third reading in the Senate on December 15, 2011, leading to its Royal Assent.
This artifact details the final stage of Bill C-18, An Act to reorganize the Canadian Wheat Board, in the Senate. The Senate's Third Reading stage was completed on December 15, 2011, the same day the bill received Royal Assent. The provided text outlines the legislative timeline, including first and second readings, committee studies, and report stage, across both the House of Commons and the Senate, with specific dates for each step.
The Senate sitting on December 13, 2011, was largely dedicated to honouring Senator Tommy Banks' retirement, alongside routine business and discussions on various legislative matters, notably Bill C-18 and Bill C-10.
This Senate sitting focused heavily on tributes to Senator Tommy Banks, who was retiring. The sitting also included routine proceedings such as tabling reports and presenting bills, question period on various government matters, and debates on several bills, including Bill C-18 concerning the Canadian Wheat Board and Bill C-10 related to crime and justice.
During the third reading debate of Bill C-18 in the Senate, senators discussed the reorganization of the Canadian Wheat Board, with concerns raised about farmer leverage, market impacts, and the board's future.
This artifact is a record of the Senate's sitting on December 14, 2011. The Senate was debating Bill C-18, "An Act to reorganize the Canadian Wheat Board and to make consequential and related amendments to certain Acts," at its third reading. The debate focused on the potential impacts of reorganizing the Canadian Wheat Board, with senators discussing concerns about farmers' leverage, market access, the potential failure of the board, and the impact on transportation and international trade. The sitting also included routine proceedings such as tabling reports, notices of motions, and question period on various topics including the Canadian Wheat Board, sodium levels in food, and public service jobs. The debate on Bill C-18 was adjourned at the end of the sitting.
During the Senate's third reading debate of Bill C-18, senators discussed its implications for farmers and its procedural legitimacy, after which the bill received Royal Assent.
On December 15, 2011, the Senate debated Bill C-18, An Act to reorganize the Canadian Wheat Board and to make consequential and related amendments to certain Acts, at its third reading stage. The debate primarily focused on the procedural aspects and the potential impact of the bill on western grain farmers, with Senators expressing strong opinions on both sides. One senator spoke against the bill, arguing it went against the wishes of the majority of farmers and contravened existing law, while others defended the government's actions and the bill's intent. Other Senate business included tabling of reports, discussions on various topics like health care, judicial appointments, and international affairs, and debates on other bills. Ultimately, Bill C-18 received Royal Assent on this date.
During the Senate's third reading debate on Bill C-18, senators discussed concerns about the bill's process, its impact on farmers and the Canadian Wheat Board's single-desk system, and the rule of law, before the bill proceeded to Royal Assent.
This artifact details the Senate's third reading debate for Bill C-18, An Act to reorganize the Canadian Canadian Wheat Board. The debate occurred on December 15, 2011. The main discussion revolved around the proposed changes to the Canadian Wheat Board's single-desk marketing system. Senators expressed concerns about the process by which the bill was introduced, citing a Federal Court ruling that the Minister of Agriculture failed to consult with the board and producers as required by law. Arguments were made that the bill undermined farmer control over the board, favoured large corporations, and would negatively impact family farms. The debate also touched upon the rule of law, parliamentary process, and the importance of listening to constituents. Ultimately, the Senate proceeded with the third reading of the bill, with a vote deferred to later that day. The bill received Royal Assent on the same day.
Bill C-18, concerning the reorganization of the Canadian Wheat Board, completed its first reading in the House of Commons on October 18, 2011, and eventually received Royal Assent on December 15, 2011.
This artifact details the first reading of Bill C-18 in the House of Commons on October 18, 2011. This is the initial stage where the bill is formally introduced. The artifact also provides a timeline of subsequent stages the bill underwent in both the House of Commons and the Senate, including readings, committee considerations, and report stages, culminating in Royal Assent on December 15, 2011. The bill's purpose was to reorganize the Canadian Wheat Board and make related amendments to other acts.
Bill C-18, concerning the Canadian Wheat Board, was introduced and received first reading in the House of Commons on October 18, 2011.
On October 18, 2011, in the House of Commons, Bill C-18, the An Act to reorganize the Canadian Wheat Board and to make consequential and related amendments to certain Acts, was introduced and read for the first time. This marked the initial procedural step for the bill in the House.
Bill C-18, an Act to reorganize the Canadian Wheat Board, completed its second reading in the House of Commons and was referred to committee on October 24, 2011, before eventually receiving Royal Assent.
This record indicates that Bill C-18, concerning the reorganization of the Canadian Wheat Board, completed its second reading stage in the House of Commons on October 24, 2011. Following this, the bill was referred to a committee for further consideration. The overall bill later received Royal Assent on December 15, 2011, becoming Statutes of Canada 2011, c. 25.
During a House of Commons debate on October 19, 2011, regarding Bill C-18, Members of Parliament debated the proposed reorganization of the Canadian Wheat Board, with the government asserting it would provide marketing freedom for farmers and opposition parties expressing concerns about its impact and the process.
This artifact is a record of a debate in the House of Commons on October 19, 2011, regarding Bill C-18, An Act to reorganize the Canadian Wheat Board and to make consequential and related amendments to certain Acts. The debate focused on the proposed changes to the Canadian Wheat Board, with members of Parliament from different parties expressing strong opinions. The government argued that the bill would provide marketing freedom to western farmers, modernize the grain sector, and create economic opportunities. Opposition parties expressed concerns that the bill would harm farmers, disregard the results of farmer votes, and benefit large corporations over individual producers. The debate also touched upon procedural matters, including a notice of a time allocation motion to limit debate on the bill.
During the second reading debate of Bill C-18, the House of Commons debated the proposed reorganization of the Canadian Wheat Board and the introduction of marketing freedom for grain farmers, with significant disagreement on its potential impacts and the consultation process.
During the second reading debate of Bill C-18, the Marketing Freedom for Grain Farmers Act, the House of Commons discussed the proposed changes to the Canadian Wheat Board. The debate focused heavily on the removal of the Canadian Wheat Board's single-desk monopoly and its implications for farmers, the economy, and international trade. There was significant disagreement between the government and opposition parties regarding the necessity of the changes, the process of consultation with farmers, and the potential economic impacts. The government argued that the bill would provide marketing freedom for western farmers, similar to that enjoyed in eastern Canada, and would modernize the grain industry. The opposition parties expressed concerns that the bill would harm farmers, small towns, and Canada's competitive advantage, and that the government was not respecting the democratic will of farmers as expressed in a plebiscite. The debate also included procedural discussions about allotting time for the bill's consideration and a point of privilege raised by an opposition member.
During the second reading debate of Bill C-18, Members of Parliament debated whether to dismantle the Canadian Wheat Board's single-desk marketing system, with government members advocating for farmer freedom and opposition members raising concerns about negative economic impacts and procedural fairness.
On October 19, 2011, during the second reading debate of Bill C-18, which aimed to reorganize the Canadian Wheat Board, Members of Parliament discussed the proposed changes. The debate focused on whether to end the Canadian Wheat Board's single-desk marketing system, which required western grain farmers to sell their wheat and barley through the board. Government members argued that the bill would provide farmers with marketing freedom, similar to farmers in eastern Canada, and would modernize the grain sector, creating economic opportunities. Opposition members expressed concerns that the bill would harm farmers, particularly smaller producers and rural communities, and that it disregarded the results of farmer consultations and votes. They argued that the bill would lead to lower grain prices for farmers and hand control of the market to large multinational corporations. The debate also touched upon the process of passing the bill, including a notice of a time allocation motion to limit further debate.
During a House of Commons debate on Bill C-18, members discussed the government's move to end the Canadian Wheat Board's monopoly and provide marketing freedom to farmers, with opposition members raising concerns about procedure and the bill's impact, while the government defended it as beneficial for farmers and the economy.
This record details a debate in the House of Commons on October 19, 2011, concerning Bill C-18, the Marketing Freedom for Grain Farmers Act. The bill aimed to reorganize the Canadian Wheat Board (CWB) and end its monopoly on the sale of western Canadian wheat and barley. The debate primarily focused on the procedural aspects of the bill, the government's decision to proceed without a producer plebiscite as arguably required by existing legislation, and the potential economic impacts of dismantling the CWB. Opposition members argued that the government was ignoring the wishes of farmers and undermining a successful Canadian institution, while the government argued that the bill would provide much-needed marketing freedom to farmers and benefit the Canadian economy. The debate also included procedural discussions about time allocation for the bill and a question of privilege raised by an opposition member regarding the bill's introduction.
During a House of Commons debate on Bill C-18 on October 20, 2011, a time allocation motion was debated and passed, limiting further discussion on the bill's second reading, with much of the debate focusing on the proposed changes to the Canadian Wheat Board and the process for making those changes.
This document is a record of a debate in the House of Commons on October 20, 2011, concerning Bill C-18, the Marketing Freedom for Grain Farmers Act. The debate focused on a motion to allocate time for the second reading of the bill, which aimed to reorganize the Canadian Wheat Board. Much of the discussion revolved around the government's use of time allocation motions to limit debate, the impact of ending the Canadian Wheat Board's single-desk system, and the perceived democratic deficit in not holding a farmer plebiscite on the changes. Opposition members expressed concerns about the potential negative economic impacts on farmers, rural communities, and the Port of Churchill, while government members argued for marketing freedom and the modernization of the Canadian Wheat Board.
During the second reading debate on Bill C-18 in the House of Commons, members debated the proposed end of the Canadian Wheat Board's monopoly, with supporters highlighting farmer choice and economic benefits, while opponents raised concerns about the impact on farmers and the process.
This record details the House of Commons debate on Bill C-18, An Act to reorganize the Canadian Canadian Wheat Board and to make consequential and related amendments to certain Acts, during its second reading on October 24, 2011. The debate focused on the proposed end of the Canadian Wheat Board's monopoly over the sale of western Canadian wheat, durum, and barley. Members from various parties expressed differing views on the bill's potential impact, with supporters emphasizing farmer choice, market freedom, and increased economic opportunities, while opponents raised concerns about the fate of farmers, rural communities, potential benefits for multinational corporations, and the process by which the bill was being advanced, including the lack of a plebiscite. The record also includes discussions on unrelated matters during Private Members' Business and Oral Questions.
The House of Commons completed its 'Consideration in committee' stage for Bill C-18 between October 31 and November 4, 2011, prior to the bill receiving royal assent on December 15, 2011.
This artifact records the 'Consideration in committee' stage for Bill C-18 in the House of Commons. This stage involved multiple sittings from October 31 to November 4, 2011. This stage is now completed. The bill eventually received royal assent on December 15, 2011, becoming Statutes of Canada 2011, c. 25.
On November 4, 2011, the House of Commons debated Bills C-16 and C-15 concerning military justice and military judges, heard statements by members on various issues, and engaged in oral question period.
This artifact contains records of the House of Commons sitting on November 4, 2011. The primary discussion focused on government orders, specifically concerning Bills C-16 (Security of Tenure of Military Judges Act) and C-15 (Strengthening Military Justice in the Defence of Canada Act). There was also a period for statements by members on various topics and oral questions directed to ministers. The sitting concluded with routine proceedings, including the tabling of documents and the introduction of new bills.
The House of Commons completed its Report stage for Bill C-18 on November 24, 2011, prior to the bill receiving royal assent.
This artifact details the House of Commons Report stage for Bill C-18, An Act to reorganize the Canadian Wheat Board and to make consequential and related amendments to certain Acts. This stage was completed on November 24, 2011. The bill later received royal assent on December 15, 2011, and is now a Canadian statute.
In the House of Commons report stage debate on Bill C-18, the "Marketing Freedom for Grain Farmers Act," opposition MPs argued for greater farmer consultation and opposed the reorganization of the Canadian Wheat Board, while government MPs defended the bill as promoting farmer choice and market freedom.
During the report stage of Bill C-18, the House of Commons debated the "Marketing Freedom for Grain Farmers Act." Opposition members raised concerns about the process, arguing that the bill was being "fast-tracked" without adequate consultation with farmers. They proposed amendments aimed at maintaining farmer representation on the Canadian Wheat Board's (CWB) board of directors and retaining the single-desk selling system. Government members defended the bill, stating it would provide farmers with marketing freedom and choice, similar to other agricultural sectors in Canada. The debate touched upon the historical context of the CWB, the potential economic impacts of its reorganization, and the democratic rights of farmers. Several members from different parties shared personal anecdotes and perspectives on the importance of the CWB and the proposed changes. The sitting also included statements by members on various other topics and oral questions on different government policies.
On November 23, 2011, the House of Commons engaged in extensive debate on Bill C-18 regarding the Canadian Wheat Board, alongside discussions on various other bills and topical issues, with procedural matters and points of order also being addressed.
On November 23, 2011, the House of Commons debated Bill C-18, concerning the reorganization of the Canadian Wheat Board. The debate included discussions on time allocation motions, report stage amendments, and private members' business. The sitting also featured oral questions on various topics, including justice, firearms registry, employment, G8 summit, airline safety, national defence, poverty, persons with disabilities, affordable housing, citizenship and immigration, telecommunications, Canadian Wheat Board, the environment, infrastructure, health, public safety, asbestos, and the justice system. Points of order were raised regarding photographs taken in the chamber and disturbances in the gallery. The House also dealt with routine proceedings, including the introduction of several bills and the presentation of petitions on diverse subjects. Ultimately, the report stage of Bill C-18 proceeded, with several motions debated and voted upon. The sitting concluded with the consideration of private members' business and adjournment proceedings.
The House of Commons completed the third reading of Bill C-18, concerning the Canadian Wheat Board's reorganization, on November 28, 2011, before it received Royal Assent on December 15, 2011.
This artifact details the House of Commons' third reading stage for Bill C-18, which concerned the reorganization of the Canadian Wheat Board. This procedural stage was completed on November 28, 2011. The bill later received royal assent on December 15, 2011, becoming Statutes of Canada 2011, c. 25. The provided text outlines the timeline of the bill's progression through various stages in both the House of Commons and the Senate, including first and second readings, committee considerations, report stage, and third readings in both chambers.
During the third reading debate in the House of Commons on November 28, 2011, members discussed Bill C-18, which aimed to reorganize the Canadian Wheat Board and transition it to a voluntary marketing system.
This document contains the debate record from the House of Commons on November 28, 2011, concerning Bill C-18, An Act to reorganize the Canadian Wheat Board and to make consequential and related amendments to certain Acts. The debate focused on the third reading of the bill, with extensive discussion from members of all parties, primarily concerning the transition of the Canadian Wheat Board from a mandatory single-desk system to a voluntary one. Members debated the potential impacts on farmers, the economy, and the future of grain marketing in Western Canada. Ultimately, the bill passed third reading.
We don't have a plain-language summary for Royal assent yet. The official source linked below is the full record.
We don't have a plain-language summary for Debates of the Senate yet. The official source linked below is the full record.
Debate and sitting links point to official parliamentary sources when LEGISinfo publishes them. Any plain-language discussion summaries should be generated from those official texts and reviewed before public display.
Vote Summary
Representative Voting Breakdown
Vote badges include text labels so the table stays readable for everyone, even without color cues alone.
| Representative | Role | Riding | Party | Vote | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gerry RitzSponsor MP | MP | Battlefords—Lloydminster | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. |
| MP | Marc-Aurèle-Fortin | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | British Columbia Southern Interior | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Rosemont—La Petite-Patrie | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Louis-Saint-Laurent | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Davenport | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Beauharnois—Salaberry | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Charlesbourg—Haute-Saint-Charles | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Québec | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
MP | MP | Toronto Centre | Liberal | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. |
| MP | Windsor West | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Thunder Bay—Superior North | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Algoma—Manitoulin—Kapuskasing | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | St. Paul's | Liberal | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Terrebonne—Blainville | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Hamilton Mountain | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Abitibi—Témiscamingue | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Nickel Belt | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Jonquière—Alma | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Scarborough Southwest | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Chicoutimi—Le Fjord | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Hamilton Centre | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Louis-Hébert | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Bourassa | Liberal | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Victoria | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Saint-Bruno—Saint-Hubert | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Beauséjour | Liberal | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Vancouver Kingsway | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Saanich—Gulf Islands | Green Party | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | La Pointe-de-l'Île | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | New Westminster—Coquitlam | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Joliette | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Lac-Saint-Louis | Liberal | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Drummond | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Montmagny—L'Islet—Kamouraska—Rivière-du-Loup | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Laval—Les Îles | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Gatineau | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Guelph | Liberal | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Halifax West | Liberal | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Humber—St. Barbe—Baie Verte | Liberal | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Sudbury | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Rimouski-Neigette—Témiscouata—Les Basques | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Laurier—Sainte-Marie | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | LaSalle—Émard | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Brossard—La Prairie | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | London—Fanshawe | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Lachine | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | St. John's East | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Vaudreuil-Soulanges | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Surrey North | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Nanaimo—Cowichan | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Compton—Stanstead | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Repentigny | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Newton—North Delta | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Markham—Unionville | Liberal | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Scarborough—Guildwood | Liberal | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Thunder Bay—Rainy River | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Manicouagan | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Montmorency—Charlevoix—Haute-Côte-Nord | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Laval | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Vancouver Quadra | Liberal | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Random—Burin—St. George's | Liberal | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Papineau | Liberal | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Burnaby—Douglas | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Winnipeg North | Liberal | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Etobicoke North | Liberal | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Rivière-des-Mille-Îles | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Vancouver East | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Edmonton—Strathcona | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Bas-Richelieu—Nicolet—Bécancour | Bloc Québécois | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Pierrefonds—Dollard | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Welland | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Montcalm | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Westmount—Ville-Marie | Liberal | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Laurentides—Labelle | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Saint-Hyacinthe—Bagot | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Hochelaga | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Sydney—Victoria | Liberal | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Saint-Léonard—Saint-Michel | Liberal | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Pontiac | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Chambly—Borduas | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Beaches—East York | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Ottawa—Vanier | Liberal | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Halifax | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | York South—Weston | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Argenteuil—Papineau—Mirabel | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Skeena—Bulkley Valley | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Churchill | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Trinity—Spadina | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Winnipeg Centre | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Honoré-Mercier | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Parkdale—High Park | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Burnaby—New Westminster | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Sackville—Eastern Shore | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Gaspésie—Îles-de-la-Madeleine | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Rivière-du-Nord | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Brome—Missisquoi | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Longueuil—Pierre-Boucher | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Sherbrooke | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Wascana | Liberal | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Scarborough—Rouge River | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Shefford | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Trois-Rivières | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Dartmouth—Cole Harbour | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Cape Breton—Canso | Liberal | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Alfred-Pellan | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Berthier—Maskinongé | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | St. John's South—Mount Pearl | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Saint-Lambert | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Kings—Hants | Liberal | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Bonavista—Gander—Grand Falls—Windsor | Liberal | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Charlottetown | Liberal | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Châteauguay—Saint-Constant | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Saint-Jean | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
MP | MP | Kingston and the Islands | Liberal | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. |
| MP | Jeanne-Le Ber | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Malpeque | Liberal | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Hamilton East—Stoney Creek | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Acadie—Bathurst | NDP | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Richmond | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | North Vancouver | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
MP | MP | Huron—Bruce | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. |
| MP | Etobicoke—Lakeshore | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Madawaska—Restigouche | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Lambton—Kent—Middlesex | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Wetaskiwin | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Wild Rose | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Mississauga—Erindale | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Prince George—Peace River | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Mississauga—Streetsville | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Saskatoon—Humboldt | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Edmonton—St. Albert | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Fort McMurray—Athabasca | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Westlock—St. Paul | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Simcoe North | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Sault Ste. Marie | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Portage—Lisgar | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Kamloops—Thompson—Cariboo | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Renfrew—Nipissing—Pembroke | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Ajax—Pickering | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Peace River | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Mégantic—L'Érable | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Willowdale | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Oshawa | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Okanagan—Shuswap | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Pickering—Scarborough East | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Richmond Hill | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Okanagan—Coquihalla | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Prince Edward—Hastings | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Oxford | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Chatham-Kent—Essex | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Cypress Hills—Grasslands | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Ancaster—Dundas—Flamborough—Westdale | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Dufferin—Caledon | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Kootenay—Columbia | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Niagara West—Glanbrook | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Peterborough | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Calgary East | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Roberval—Lac-Saint-Jean | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Calgary Northeast | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Calgary—Nose Hill | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Haldimand—Norfolk | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Red Deer | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | London West | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Souris—Moose Mountain | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Mississauga—Brampton South | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Egmont | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Yorkton—Melville | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Cambridge | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Perth—Wellington | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | South Shore—St. Margaret's | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Leeds—Grenville | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Carleton—Mississippi Mills | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | West Nova | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Kenora | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Stormont—Dundas—South Glengarry | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Kitchener—Conestoga | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Lotbinière—Chutes-de-la-Chaudière | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Selkirk—Interlake | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Nanaimo—Alberni | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Port Moody—Westwood—Port Coquitlam | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Edmonton—Leduc | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Nipissing—Timiskaming | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Essex | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Whitby—Oshawa | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Eglinton—Lawrence | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Elgin—Middlesex—London | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Ottawa West—Nepean | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Don Valley West | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Vancouver Island North | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | West Vancouver—Sunshine Coast—Sea to Sky Country | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | New Brunswick Southwest | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Kildonan—St. Paul | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Vaughan | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Fredericton | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Simcoe—Grey | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Saskatoon—Rosetown—Biggar | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Delta—Richmond East | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Crowfoot | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Brampton West | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Bruce—Grey—Owen Sound | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Edmonton Centre | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Medicine Hat | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Elmwood—Transcona | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Calgary Centre | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Vegreville—Wainwright | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Nunavut | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Halton | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Newmarket—Aurora | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Blackstrap | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | York Centre | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Chilliwack—Fraser Canyon | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Langley | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Saskatoon—Wanuskewin | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Beauce | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Brandon—Souris | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Wellington—Halton Hills | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Calgary Centre-North | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Tobique—Mactaquac | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Edmonton—Mill Woods—Beaumont | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Burlington | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Fleetwood—Port Kells | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Sarnia—Lambton | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Barrie | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Oak Ridges—Markham | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Kitchener—Waterloo | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Thornhill | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Central Nova | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Labrador | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | York—Simcoe | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Brant | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Glengarry—Prescott—Russell | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Nepean—Carleton | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Prince Albert | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Pitt Meadows—Maple Ridge—Mission | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Palliser | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Cariboo—Prince George | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | St. Catharines | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Northumberland—Quinte West | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Calgary West | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill River | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Yellowhead | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Fundy Royal | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Niagara Falls | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Dauphin—Swan River—Marquette | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Winnipeg South | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Saint John | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Kelowna—Lake Country | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Scarborough Centre | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Ottawa—Orléans | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | South Surrey—White Rock—Cloverdale | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Yukon | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Cumberland—Colchester—Musquodoboit Valley | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Lanark—Frontenac—Lennox and Addington | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Saint Boniface | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Mississauga South | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Calgary Southwest | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Kitchener Centre | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Lévis—Bellechasse | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Charleswood—St. James—Assiniboia | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | London North Centre | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Macleod | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Etobicoke Centre | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Oakville | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Miramichi | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Edmonton—Sherwood Park | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Regina—Lumsden—Lake Centre | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Parry Sound—Muskoka | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Vancouver South | Conservative | No | Recorded without an additional note. |
Official sources
Status, sponsor, votes, and timeline on this page are drawn from these official legislative sources and public records. Each summary above is attributed to its own source.
How this data is sourced