Bill S-8 explained in plain English
An Act to amend the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, to make consequential amendments to other Acts and to amend the Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations
Federal Parliament bill summary, status, timeline, sponsor, votes, and official sources.
At a glance
Official Parliament of Canada snapshot for 44th Parliament, 1st Session. MP vote breakdowns appear when the House of Commons publishes a recorded division export for that bill. Senate and House stage details include official debate/sitting links when LEGISinfo publishes them.
Our plain-language take, written for civic education.
Source: By PoliticalData.ca
Bill S-8 amends the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act to add sanctions as a new ground for inadmissibility, modifies appeal rights, and makes related changes to other federal laws.
Bill S-8 amends the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA) to add new rules about inadmissibility based on sanctions. It also makes changes to other federal laws like the Citizenship Act and Emergencies Act. Key changes include creating a new ground for inadmissibility related to sanctions, modifying who can be considered inadmissible, and changing procedures for appeals and removal orders.
- Adds a new ground for inadmissibility under section 35.1(1) of the IRPA for foreign nationals whose entry or stay in Canada is restricted by sanctions from international organizations Canada is part of, including sanctions under the Special Economic Measures Act and the Justice for Victims of Corrupt Foreign Officials Act
- Repeals subsections 35(1)(c) and 35(2) of the IRPA and amends subsection 35(1)(b) by adding 'or' at the end
- Transfers authority to issue removal orders from the Immigration Division to the Minister of Public Safety
- Removes the right to appeal to the Immigration Appeal Division for inadmissibility on grounds of security, human rights violations, sanctions, serious criminality, or organized criminality
- Amends sections 21, 25, 25.1, 42, 42.1, 55, 58, and 64 of the IRPA
- Makes consequential amendments to the Citizenship Act (section 10.1(4)) and Emergencies Act (section 30(1)(h)(iii)(A))
- Amends the Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations (section 230(3)) to include sanctions-based inadmissibility
- Includes transitional provisions for decisions made before the bill receives royal assent
- Requires a parliamentary committee to review the amendments after three years
- Foreign nationals applying for entry or stay in Canada
- Immigration officers and officials making inadmissibility determinations
- Individuals subject to sanctions under international agreements
- Citizenship applicants and holders
- Parliamentary committees reviewing the amendments
- The bill's exact impact on specific sanctions regimes is not fully detailed in the summary
- The full scope of changes to appeal procedures is outlined in sections that are not fully summarized here
- The specific transitional provisions for pre-royal-assent decisions are not fully detailed in the summary
Adds sanctions as a new ground for inadmissibility, modifies appeal rights, and changes procedures for removal orders
Source: Sections 35.1(1), 35.1(2), 101(1)(f), 21(2), 25, 25.1, 42, 42.1, 55, 58, 64
Includes changes related to inadmissibility grounds for foreign nationals
Source: Section 10.1(4)
Includes changes related to inadmissibility grounds for foreign nationals
Source: Section 30(1)(h)(iii)(A)
Defines sanctions that can be used as grounds for inadmissibility under the IRPA
Source: Section 2
Defines sanctions that can be used as grounds for inadmissibility under the IRPA
Source: Section 2
Includes sanctions-based inadmissibility in removal order criteria
Source: Section 230(3)
Generated using AI from official bill text. Not legal advice. It is written by PoliticalData.ca for civic education, automatically checked and spot-reviewed before publishing.
Official textParliamentary Process
This document outlines the procedural progression of Bill S-8 through the Senate and House of Commons, culminating in Royal Assent.
This artifact describes the procedural steps for Bill S-8, An Act to amend the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, in the Senate. It details the first reading of the bill on May 17, 2022. It also outlines subsequent readings, committee considerations, report stages, and third readings that occurred between May 2022 and June 2023, as well as the process in the House of Commons. The bill ultimately received Royal Assent on June 22, 2023, becoming chapter 19 of the Statutes of Canada 2023.
On May 17, 2022, Senator Marc Gold introduced Bill S-8, an Act to amend the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, in the Senate for its first reading.
On May 17, 2022, the Senate convened. During the sitting, Senator Marc Gold introduced Bill S-8, an Act to amend the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, along with related and consequential amendments. This marked the first reading of the bill in the Senate. The rest of the sitting involved various senators' statements on diverse topics, routine proceedings including notices of motions regarding other bills, question period addressing government actions and policies, and debates on several other bills at different stages of the legislative process. The introduction of Bill S-8 was a procedural step and did not involve substantive debate on its content during this specific sitting.
On May 19, 2022, the Senate held the second reading of Bill S-8, where its general principles were debated.
This artifact details the second reading stage of Bill S-8 in the Senate, which occurred on May 19, 2022. This stage is a point where Senators debate the general principles of the bill. The record indicates that speeches were made by Senator Peter Harder, who sponsored the bill, and Senator Michael L. MacDonald, who responded. The artifact also notes that the bill later received Royal Assent on June 22, 2023, becoming chapter 19 of the Statutes of Canada 2023.
The Senate completed the second reading of Bill S-8, which aims to align immigration inadmissibility with sanctions law, and referred it to committee.
On May 19, 2022, the Senate completed the second reading stage of Bill S-8, an Act to amend the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act. Following the debate, the bill was referred to the Standing Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade for further study. Prior to this, the Senate engaged in other proceedings including Senators’ Statements, Routine Proceedings, and Question Period, where various topics were discussed. The debate on Bill S-8 focused on aligning Canada's immigration inadmissibility provisions with existing sanctions legislation, particularly in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Senators discussed the bill's proposed changes to make foreign nationals subject to Canadian sanctions inadmissible to Canada, as well as the nuances of refugee claims and pre-removal risk assessments for those inadmissible on sanctions grounds.
During the second reading debate of Bill S-8 in the Senate, senators discussed amendments to the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act intended to make individuals sanctioned under the Special Economic Measures Act inadmissible to Canada, with a focus on responding to the situation in Ukraine.
This Senate debate records the second reading of Bill S-8, which aims to amend the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act. The sponsor of the bill, Senator Harder, explained that the legislation is needed to align Canada's immigration laws with sanctions imposed under the Special Economic Measures Act (SEMA). This means that individuals sanctioned under SEMA, including those related to the Russian regime, would become inadmissible to Canada. Senator MacDonald, speaking in support, agreed with the need for these measures to respond to Russia's invasion of Ukraine but expressed concerns about potential loopholes, particularly regarding refugee claims. He also used the occasion to reflect on the need for more decisive international action regarding China and other global issues. Following the debate, the bill was referred to the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade for further study.
The Senate's committee review of Bill S-8 was completed on June 14, 2022, as part of the legislative process that ultimately led to the bill receiving Royal Assent on June 22, 2023.
This artifact indicates that the Senate's "Consideration in committee" stage for Bill S-8 was completed on June 14, 2022. This stage is where a committee of the Senate examines the bill in detail. The overall bill later received Royal Assent on June 22, 2023, meaning it became law. The provided text lists various stages the bill went through in both the Senate and the House of Commons, including readings, committee work, and report stages, leading up to Royal Assent.
On June 14, 2022, the Senate processed committee reports, including an amendment to Bill S-8, amidst other routine procedural business.
On June 14, 2022, the Senate of Canada convened for a sitting that included various procedural matters. A key procedural event related to Bill S-8 was the presentation of the Fifth Report of the Standing Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade, which included an amendment to the bill. The sitting also featured Routine Proceedings where committee reports were presented and adopted on different matters, including the Internal Economy, Budgets and Administration Committee's Third Report and the Banking, Trade and Commerce Committee's Third Report on Bill S-6. The Foreign Affairs and International Trade Committee's report on Bill S-8 proposed adding a new clause concerning coordinating amendments.
The Senate's report stage for Bill S-8, concerning amendments to immigration law, was completed on June 15, 2022, prior to the bill's third reading.
The Senate completed its report stage for Bill S-8 on June 15, 2022. This stage allows Senators to propose and debate amendments to the bill before it moves to third reading. The provided text does not detail the specific amendments or discussions that took place during this stage, only that it was completed.
During the report stage of Bill S-8, the Senate adopted a technical amendment to resolve potential conflicts with another bill concerning firearms, ensuring coordinated changes to immigration law.
This document records the proceedings of the Senate on June 15, 2022, during the report stage of Bill S-8. The Senate considered and adopted an amendment to Bill S-8, which was technical in nature and aimed to prevent conflicts with another proposed bill (Bill C-21) concerning firearms. The amendment ensures that if both bills become law, certain provisions related to inadmissibility and detention under the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act will incorporate changes from both legislative efforts. The sitting also included other routine proceedings, question period discussions on various topics, and the consideration of other bills and committee reports. Notably, the Senate adopted the report of the Standing Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade regarding Bill S-8.
Bill S-8 completed its Third Reading in the Senate on June 16, 2022, and later received Royal Assent on June 22, 2023.
This record shows that Bill S-8 completed its Third Reading stage in the Senate on Thursday, June 16, 2022. It later received Royal Assent on June 22, 2023. The text also lists other stages for this bill in both the Senate and the House of Commons, including debates and committee considerations.
The Senate conducted the third reading debate for Bill S-8, focusing on its implications for immigration and refugee protection related to sanctions.
On June 16, 2022, the Senate held its third reading debate on Bill S-8. This stage involved discussion of the bill's intent and potential impacts. While the bill's ultimate passage into law is not detailed in this specific record, the Senate proceeded with the debate as part of the legislative process. This particular artifact does not contain the full text of the bill, but rather a record of the debate that took place during this stage of its consideration in the Senate.
This artifact marks the procedural completion of the first reading of Bill S-8 in the House of Commons on October 4, 2022.
This record details the procedural steps taken for Bill S-8 in the House of Commons, starting with its first reading on October 4, 2022. It outlines the bill's progression through various stages, including second reading, committee review, report stage, and third reading, before moving between the House of Commons and the Senate for consideration of amendments. The bill ultimately received Royal Assent on June 22, 2023. This specific artifact relates to the initial procedural step of first reading in the House of Commons.
The House of Commons held its first reading debate on Bill S-8 on October 4, 2022, marking the initial procedural step for the bill.
This document is a record of the first reading debate in the House of Commons on October 4, 2022, related to Bill S-8. During this stage, the bill was formally introduced and read for the first time. The record details procedural activities and discussions that took place.
The House of Commons completed the second reading of Bill S-8 on February 13, 2023, after which it proceeded through further stages to receive Royal Assent on June 22, 2023.
The House of Commons completed its second reading of Bill S-8 on February 13, 2023. This stage of the legislative process involved debate and was followed by the bill being referred to a committee for further study. The bill later received Royal Assent on June 22, 2023, becoming law.
During the House of Commons second reading debate on Bill S-8, Members of Parliament discussed aligning immigration inadmissibility with sanctions, while also debating Employment Insurance sickness benefits, before the sitting was adjourned due to the passing of the Honourable Jim Carr.
During the House of Commons debate at second reading on Bill S-8, on December 12, 2022, Members of Parliament discussed proposed amendments to the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act. The primary focus of the debate was to align Canada's immigration laws with its sanctions regime, specifically to make individuals sanctioned under the Special Economic Measures Act (SEMA) inadmissible to Canada. The debate also touched upon the government's recent increase of Employment Insurance sickness benefits from 15 to 26 weeks, with some members arguing this was insufficient. The sitting was suspended due to the passing of the Honourable Jim Carr and subsequently adjourned.
During the House of Commons debate on Bill S-8, members generally supported strengthening the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act to make individuals subject to Canadian sanctions inadmissible to Canada, while also discussing implementation, oversight, and perceived delays.
This artifact contains the debate from the House of Commons on Bill S-8, an Act to amend the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act. The debate focuses on the proposed changes to the Act, specifically to align inadmissibility provisions with sanctions imposed under the Special Economic Measures Act (SEMA). The overarching goal is to prevent foreign nationals subject to Canadian sanctions from entering or remaining in Canada. Several members from different parties spoke, with general support for the bill's intent. Discussions also touched upon the perceived delays in bringing the bill forward, the effectiveness of Canada's sanctions regime, and the need for greater parliamentary oversight. The debate was suspended due to the passing of the Honourable Jim Carr, Member of Parliament for Winnipeg South Centre, and the House adjourned out of respect.
During the House of Commons second reading debate on Bill S-8, members discussed its aim to make sanctioned individuals inadmissible to Canada and ensure better alignment between sanctions and immigration laws.
During the House of Commons debate at the second reading stage of Bill S-8, members discussed proposed amendments to the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act. The bill aims to ensure that individuals sanctioned by the Canadian government are inadmissible to Canada. This means that if a person is sanctioned under the Special Economic Measures Act (SEMA), they would not be able to enter or remain in Canada. The debate included discussions on aligning Canada's sanctions with immigration enforcement, making inadmissibility provisions clearer, and the timing of the bill's introduction. Members from various parties expressed support for the bill's intent but raised questions about its implementation, the need for further parliamentary oversight, and concerns about potential delays in processing or legal challenges by sanctioned individuals. The debate also touched on broader issues related to Canada's sanctions regime and foreign policy.
During the second reading debate on Bill S-8, members of the House of Commons discussed proposed changes to ensure individuals subject to Canadian sanctions are inadmissible to Canada, alongside broader concerns about the effectiveness of the sanctions regime.
This record details a debate in the House of Commons during the second reading stage of Bill S-8. The primary focus of the debate was on how to better align Canada's immigration laws with its sanctions regime, particularly in response to actions by Russia and Iran. Members from various parties discussed the need to make individuals subject to Canadian sanctions inadmissible to Canada. The debate also touched upon the broader effectiveness and transparency of Canada's sanctions system, with suggestions for increased parliamentary oversight. The sitting was suspended and later adjourned out of respect for the passing of the Hon. Jim Carr.
Members of Parliament debated Bill S-8, which aims to make sanctioned individuals inadmissible to Canada, with discussions focusing on its intent, potential improvements, and the reasons for its delayed progression, before the sitting was adjourned due to the passing of MP Jim Carr.
During this debate at the second reading stage of Bill S-8, Members of Parliament discussed the proposed amendments to the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act. The bill aims to ensure that individuals sanctioned by the Canadian government are inadmissible to Canada. Many members expressed support for the bill's intent to strengthen Canada's sanctions regime and prevent those who violate international law or human rights from entering the country. Concerns were raised about the delay in bringing the bill forward, the need for greater parliamentary oversight, and clarity on how sanctions are applied. The debate also touched upon the broader context of Canada's foreign policy and its response to events in Ukraine and Iran. The sitting concluded prematurely due to the passing of the Honourable Jim Carr.
During the second reading debate of Bill S-8 in the House of Commons, Members of Parliament discussed aligning Canada's sanctions and inadmissibility laws to prevent sanctioned individuals from entering the country, with general support for the bill's aims but also concerns about enforcement.
During a debate at the second reading stage of Bill S-8 in the House of Commons on February 10, 2023, Members of Parliament discussed the bill's provisions to amend the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act. The purpose of the bill was to align Canada's sanctions framework with its inadmissibility criteria, meaning individuals sanctioned by Canada would also be inadmissible to the country. Discussions focused on the bill's potential to prevent sanctioned individuals, including those associated with regimes in Russia and Iran, from entering Canada. Members from various parties expressed general support for the bill's intent, while also raising concerns about the enforcement of existing sanctions and the need for effective implementation of the new provisions. The debate also touched upon broader issues related to immigration, international relations, and Canada's role in addressing global human rights concerns.
The House of Commons debated Bill S-8 at second reading on February 13, 2023, ultimately referring it to committee after a vote.
On February 13, 2023, the House of Commons debated Bill S-8 at its second reading stage. The debate focused on various aspects of the bill, including its potential impact on immigration and refugee protection regulations. The sitting also included discussions on other matters, such as amendments to the Criminal Code regarding medical assistance in dying, and various statements by members on diverse topics. Ultimately, the House proceeded to a deferred division on the motion for the second reading of Bill S-8, which was agreed to and the bill was referred to committee.
The House of Commons completed its committee review of Bill S-8 on May 31, 2023, advancing it to the report stage.
This record documents the House of Commons' consideration of Bill S-8 in committee on May 31, 2023. The stage was completed, meaning the committee finished its review of the bill's clauses and amendments. The bill then proceeded to the report stage, where it would be formally reported to the House for final approval. No specific debates or amendments are detailed in this record, as it focuses on procedural movement rather than substantive discussion.
The debate criticized the government's child care legislation for lacking provincial consultation, failing to address staffing issues, and inadequately implementing international child rights standards.
The debate focused on criticism of the government's approach to child care legislation, with speakers highlighting concerns about the lack of parliamentary discussion and provincial input. Key points included: (1) Provinces were forced to sign agreements without meaningful dialogue, leading to a one-size-fits-all model that failed to address local needs. (2) Bill C-35 was criticized for not addressing staffing shortages and training requirements in the child care sector. (3) The inclusion of the Convention on the Rights of the Child was noted as a positive step, but concerns remained about implementation. (4) A mention of the Trudeau Foundation's role in policy development was made, though no specific details were provided. (5) A carbon tax rebate proposal was briefly referenced, though its connection to the debate was unclear. The discussion emphasized the need for more collaborative and localized approaches to policy-making.
Bill S-8 completed its House of Commons Report stage on June 19, 2023, following earlier stages and leading to royal assent on June 22, 2023.
This record documents the procedural steps of Bill S-8 in the House of Commons. The bill completed its Report stage on June 19, 2023, after earlier stages including second reading (December 12, 2022), committee consideration (May 11–31, 2023), and third reading (June 21, 2023). It then proceeded to the Senate for concurrence on House of Commons amendments, with final royal assent granted on June 22, 2023. The record includes dates of key legislative actions but does not represent the full bill text or its legal content.
The House of Commons debated Bill C-12's digital privacy provisions, with procedural steps including committee referrals and amendment voting, but no final vote occurred in this stage.
The House of Commons debated Bill C-12, focusing on digital privacy regulations. The Speaker called the House to order, and the Deputy Speaker facilitated the debate. Key procedural steps included the introduction of the bill, committee referrals, and voting on amendments. The discussion centered on balancing privacy rights with law enforcement needs, with members citing international standards and public consultations. No final vote was recorded in this stage.
The session involved procedural votes on bills and motions, with discussions about healthcare worker protections and sanctions policy, but no legal outcomes were finalized.
The recorded session includes discussions about Bill C-321 (violence against healthcare workers), Bill S-8 (sanctions against Iran), and a motion (Motion No. 1) regarding a question of privilege. A recorded vote was held on a motion to adjourn at midnight on June 19. The speaker mentioned the need for legislative clarity on healthcare worker protections and sanctions policy. No specific legal outcomes were outlined, only procedural actions.
The debate included procedural motions, environmental policy discussions, defense spending announcements, and a rejected amendment related to law enforcement access to information.
The debate focused on procedural motions and policy discussions. A motion to adjourn the House was proposed and required a recorded vote. Environmental concerns about coal mining were raised, with a question about regulatory impacts. NATO commitments and defense spending were discussed, including a minister's statement on defense policy. An amendment related to law enforcement access to information was rejected. The RCMP's role in tax avoidance was mentioned, and a motion to adjourn was debated.
Bill S-8 completed its House of Commons third reading on June 21, 2023, and was later granted royal assent, becoming law.
On June 21, 2023, the House of Commons completed its third reading of Bill S-8. This procedural step marked the final stage in the House of Commons for the bill before it was sent to the Senate. The bill was agreed to (Vote 258) and later received royal assent on June 22, 2023, officially making it law. The third reading process involved consideration of amendments proposed by the House of Commons and concurrence in motions related to those amendments. The bill had previously passed its second reading in the House of Commons on December 12, 2022, and its report stage on June 16, 2023. It was also reviewed by the Senate, with the Senate's third reading occurring on June 21, 2023.
The House of Commons session involved legislative voting, debates on RCMP training reforms, procedural motions, and references to parliamentary business and adjournment proceedings.
The House of Commons session included a vote on a bill supported by Bloc Québécois, NDP, and Green Party members. A motion was passed after a division, with specific members voting yes and no. Mr. Mark Gerretsen addressed allegations of conspiracy regarding a past Privy Council meeting, denying the claims and citing a committee meeting where no details were recalled. The RCMP training facility in Regina was discussed, with reference to the Mass Casualty Commission report and proposed changes to training standards. Legislative bills and motions, including the National Strategy for the Eradication of Rabies Act and the Combatting Torture and Terrorism Act, were listed as motions deemed adopted. The Business of Supply section was mentioned, along with petitions. A poem about the Arctic and midnight sun was included, and adjournment proceedings were noted, with a question about the Trudeau Foundation and PMO meetings.
We don't have a plain-language summary for Debates of the Senate yet. The official source linked below is the full record.
Debate and sitting links point to official parliamentary sources when LEGISinfo publishes them. Any plain-language discussion summaries should be generated from those official texts and reviewed before public display.
Vote Summary
Representative Voting Breakdown
Vote badges include text labels so the table stays readable for everyone, even without color cues alone.
| Representative | Role | Riding | Party | Vote | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MP | Simcoe North | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Bruce—Grey—Owen Sound | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Regina—Qu'Appelle | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | King—Vaughan | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Peace River—Westlock | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
MP | MP | Huron—Bruce | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. |
| MP | Montmagny—L'Islet—Kamouraska—Rivière-du-Loup | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Red Deer—Lacombe | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Banff—Airdrie | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Prince George—Peace River—Northern Rockies | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Saskatoon West | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
MP | MP | Mission—Matsqui—Fraser Canyon | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. |
| MP | Yorkton—Melville | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Renfrew—Nipissing—Pembroke | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | West Nova | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Essex | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Grande Prairie—Mackenzie | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Coast of Bays—Central—Notre Dame | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Oshawa | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Saskatoon—University | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Battle River—Crowfoot | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Central Okanagan—Similkameen—Nicola | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Dauphin—Swan River—Neepawa | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
MP | MP | Flamborough—Glanbrook | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. |
| MP | Sturgeon River—Parkland | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
MP | MP | Chatham-Kent—Leamington | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. |
| MP | Niagara West | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Bellechasse—Les Etchemins—Lévis | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Barrie—Springwater—Oro-Medonte | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Red Deer—Mountain View | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
MP | MP | Abbotsford | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. |
| MP | Stormont—Dundas—South Glengarry | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Kenora | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Durham | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Kamloops—Thompson—Cariboo | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Moose Jaw—Lake Centre—Lanigan | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Sherwood Park—Fort Saskatchewan | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill River | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Yellowhead | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Louis-Saint-Laurent | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Medicine Hat—Cardston—Warner | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Calgary Centre | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Miramichi—Grand Lake | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Calgary Forest Lawn | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Cypress Hills—Grasslands | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Foothills | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Barrie—Innisfil | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Perth—Wellington | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Elgin—Middlesex—London | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Carlton Trail—Eagle Creek | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Edmonton West | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | South Surrey—White Rock | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Spadina—Fort York | Independent | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Saskatoon—Grasswood | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Dufferin—Caledon | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Fort McMurray—Cold Lake | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Brantford—Brant | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Brandon—Souris | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Calgary Confederation | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Haldimand—Norfolk | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Lambton—Kent—Middlesex | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Mégantic—L'Érable | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Pitt Meadows—Maple Ridge | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Sarnia—Lambton | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Chilliwack—Hope | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Bow River | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Charleswood—St. James—Assiniboia—Headingley | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Edmonton Riverbend | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | North Okanagan—Shuswap | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Thornhill | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Leeds—Grenville—Thousand Islands and Rideau Lakes | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Wellington—Halton Hills | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | St. Albert—Edmonton | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Regina—Wascana | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Peterborough—Kawartha | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Calgary Nose Hill | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Calgary Rocky Ridge | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Northumberland—Peterborough South | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Charlesbourg—Haute-Saint-Charles | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Carleton | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Lethbridge | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Kildonan—St. Paul | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Tobique—Mactaquac | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Beauce | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Chicoutimi—Le Fjord | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | South Shore—St. Margarets | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Fundy Royal | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Kootenay—Columbia | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Souris—Moose Mountain | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Calgary Signal Hill | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Battlefords—Lloydminster | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Bay of Quinte | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | York—Simcoe | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Parry Sound—Muskoka | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Lanark—Frontenac—Kingston | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Lakeland | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Hastings—Lennox and Addington | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Calgary Midnapore | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Cumberland—Colchester | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Langley—Aldergrove | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
MP | MP | Provencher | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. |
| MP | Simcoe—Grey | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Edmonton Mill Woods | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Cariboo—Prince George | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Calgary Shepard | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Niagara Falls | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Kelowna—Lake Country | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Regina—Lewvan | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Edmonton Manning | Conservative | Yes | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Milton | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | York South—Weston | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Richmond—Arthabaska | Independent | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | La Prairie | Bloc Québécois | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Brossard—Saint-Lambert | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Rosemont—La Petite-Patrie | NDP | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Lac-Saint-Jean | Bloc Québécois | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Willowdale | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Cowichan—Malahat—Langford | NDP | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Shefford | Bloc Québécois | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Halifax | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Alfred-Pellan | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Oakville | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Ottawa West—Nepean | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Dorval—Lachine—LaSalle | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Vimy | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Mount Royal | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | London West | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Parkdale—High Park | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Waterloo | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Scarborough Southwest | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Edmonton Griesbach | NDP | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Port Moody—Coquitlam | NDP | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Châteauguay—Lacolle | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Yukon | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Windsor West | NDP | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Cambridge | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Delta | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Algoma—Manitoulin—Kapuskasing | NDP | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Beauport—Côte-de-Beaupré—Île d'Orléans—Charlevoix | Bloc Québécois | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Toronto—St. Paul's | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Hamilton East—Stoney Creek | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Nepean | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Mississauga—Lakeshore | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Timmins—James Bay | NDP | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | St. Catharines | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Saint-Jean | Bloc Québécois | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | University—Rosedale | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Bonavista—Burin—Trinity | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Salaberry—Suroît | Bloc Québécois | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Saint Boniface—Saint Vital | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Elmwood—Transcona | NDP | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Sackville—Preston—Chezzetcook | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Dartmouth—Cole Harbour | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | LaSalle—Émard—Verdun | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Ottawa South | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Longueuil—Saint-Hubert | Bloc Québécois | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Gaspésie—Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Beauséjour | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Sherbrooke | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Bourassa | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Saint-Laurent | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Laval—Les Îles | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Hamilton West—Ancaster—Dundas | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Vaughan—Woodbridge | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Glengarry—Prescott—Russell | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Lac-Saint-Louis | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Joliette | Bloc Québécois | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Scarborough—Rouge Park | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Calgary Skyview | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Moncton—Riverview—Dieppe | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Courtenay—Alberni | NDP | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Hull—Aylmer | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Long Range Mountains | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Vancouver South | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Malpeque | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Edmonton Strathcona | NDP | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
MP | MP | Vancouver Centre | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. |
| MP | Markham—Stouffville | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Mississauga—Erin Mills | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Mississauga—Malton | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Windsor—Tecumseh | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Burnaby South | NDP | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Sydney—Victoria | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Etobicoke—Lakeshore | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
MP | MP | Scarborough—Agincourt | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. |
| MP | Québec | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Fredericton | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Kanata—Carleton | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Pickering—Uxbridge | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Vancouver East | NDP | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | St. John's East | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Louis-Hébert | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Cloverdale—Langley City | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Scarborough—Guildwood | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | North Vancouver | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Vancouver Quadra | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Humber River—Black Creek | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Toronto—Danforth | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Davenport | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Beauport—Limoilou | Bloc Québécois | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Papineau | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Brampton West | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Burlington | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Fleetwood—Port Kells | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Avalon | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Winnipeg North | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Kings—Hants | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Avignon—La Mitis—Matane—Matapédia | Bloc Québécois | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Cardigan | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Winnipeg Centre | NDP | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Aurora—Oak Ridges—Richmond Hill | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Halifax West | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | London—Fanshawe | NDP | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Hamilton Mountain | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Nanaimo—Ladysmith | NDP | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Guelph | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Nunavut | NDP | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Bécancour—Nicolet—Saurel | Bloc Québécois | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Thérèse-De Blainville | Bloc Québécois | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Rivière-des-Mille-Îles | Bloc Québécois | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Montcalm | Bloc Québécois | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Richmond Hill | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Brampton East | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Ville-Marie—Le Sud-Ouest—Île-des-Soeurs | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Nickel Belt | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Toronto Centre | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Eglinton—Lawrence | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Thunder Bay—Rainy River | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Orléans | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Laurentides—Labelle | Bloc Québécois | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | La Pointe-de-l'Île | Bloc Québécois | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Jonquière | Bloc Québécois | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Kingston and the Islands | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Ajax | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Drummond | Bloc Québécois | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
MP | MP | Markham—Thornhill | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. |
| MP | Hamilton Centre | NDP | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Rimouski-Neigette—Témiscouata—Les Basques | Bloc Québécois | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Ahuntsic-Cartierville | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Don Valley East | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Northwest Territories | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Cape Breton—Canso | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Kitchener Centre | Green Party | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Ottawa—Vanier | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Repentigny | Bloc Québécois | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Terrebonne | Bloc Québécois | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Beaches—East York | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Churchill—Keewatinook Aski | NDP | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Mississauga Centre | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Honoré-Mercier | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Oakville North—Burlington | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Steveston—Richmond East | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Brome—Missisquoi | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Saint-Léonard—Saint-Michel | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | West Vancouver—Sunshine Coast—Sea to Sky Country | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Markham—Unionville | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Mississauga East—Cooksville | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | London North Centre | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | New Westminster—Burnaby | NDP | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Vaudreuil—Soulanges | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Outremont | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | North Island—Powell River | NDP | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Esquimalt—Saanich—Sooke | NDP | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Surrey Centre | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Edmonton Centre | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Mississauga—Streetsville | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Madawaska—Restigouche | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Rivière-du-Nord | Bloc Québécois | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | South Okanagan—West Kootenay | NDP | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Don Valley West | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Coquitlam—Port Coquitlam | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Brampton North | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Whitby | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Scarborough Centre | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Pierrefonds—Dollard | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | St. John's South—Mount Pearl | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Charlottetown | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Central Nova | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Abitibi—Témiscamingue | Bloc Québécois | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Acadie—Bathurst | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Brampton Centre | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Scarborough North | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Longueuil—Charles-LeMoyne | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Brampton South | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Pontiac | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Hochelaga | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Argenteuil—La Petite-Nation | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Laurier—Sainte-Marie | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Gatineau | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Surrey—Newton | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Abitibi—Baie-James—Nunavik—Eeyou | Bloc Québécois | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Vancouver Granville | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Skeena—Bulkley Valley | NDP | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Burnaby North—Seymour | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Winnipeg South | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Sault Ste. Marie | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Kitchener—Conestoga | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Newmarket—Aurora | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Kitchener South—Hespeler | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Niagara Centre | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Sudbury | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Saint John—Rothesay | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Richmond Centre | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Pierre-Boucher—Les Patriotes—Verchères | Bloc Québécois | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | York Centre | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Ottawa Centre | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Etobicoke Centre | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Berthier—Maskinongé | Bloc Québécois | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Marc-Aurèle-Fortin | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Beloeil—Chambly | Bloc Québécois | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Labrador | Liberal | No | Recorded without an additional note. | |
| MP | Saint-Maurice—Champlain | Liberal | Paired | Paired during this recorded vote. | |
| MP | Mirabel | Bloc Québécois | Paired | Paired during this recorded vote. | |
| MP | Compton—Stanstead | Liberal | Paired | Paired during this recorded vote. | |
| MP | Saint-Hyacinthe—Bagot | Bloc Québécois | Paired | Paired during this recorded vote. |
Official sources
Status, sponsor, votes, and timeline on this page are drawn from these official legislative sources and public records. Each summary above is attributed to its own source.
How this data is sourced